Genetic Identification

genotypes a genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an individual that resulted from a unique gene recombination event, that is, the formation of a zygote through sexual fertilisation (seed set) when a genotype has been replicated asexually, by grafting onto rootstock, r ooting of cuttings , organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis, many individual trees will of course share the same genotype genetic entity a genetic entity is a specific group of plants or trees with a defined genetic relationship within gem, pedigree data for plants or trees are used to group genetic entities into one of 3 entity types including selections, full sib families and seedlots pedigree information associated with each of the these entity groups can be found within the pedigree registers accessed via the browse genetics pedigree menu items 1\ selection a selection is a selected genotype (genetic entity) that has been given a name selections can be tested either as a vegetatively propagated clone or as the mother (or father) of a half sib family (or open pollinated family) a selection can be a cell line (captured through initiating embryogenesis), a tissue culture line (captured through initiating organogenesis), a potential seed orchard parent (selected through mass selection or advanced generation selection), or just an individual of interest that has been given a name selections can be an ancestor of another genetic entity parentage of a selection, where known, is represented by a mother and father, which are themselves selections, i e there is a recursive relationship among selections additional information can be stored about each selection including owner (owners of the genetic intellectual property), species, selection criterion, and notes multiple other names (aliases) can be assigned to selections, and used as an alternative to their selection name the list of all selections in the database is referred to as the selection register 2\ full sib family a full sib family is a group of related individuals with one specific mother and one specific father both the mother and the father must be listed in the selection register before the family can be recorded the 'base' name for each family is created as "selection name of the mother x selection name of the father" multiple other names (aliases) can be assigned to full sib families, as an alternative to their being identified by 'selection name of the mother x selection name of the father' the list of all named full sib families in the database is referred to as the full sib family register 3\ seedlot a seedlot is a group of genotypes with more than one mother and/or more than one father multiple other names (aliases) can be assigned to seedlots, as an alternative to their seedlot name narrative fields are provided for description of the parentage or clonal composition, species, origin and other names the list of all named seedlots in the database is referred to as the seedlots register all genetic entities tested in trials must be present in either the selection register, the full sib family register, or the seedlot register genetic entities may also participate in multiple trials however, genetic entities may be defined in the selection register, full sib family register or seedlot register without participating in any trial selections that are not in trials but are known ancestors of other selections are also listed in the selection register other names for a selection, full sib family or seedlot multiple other names can be assigned to any genetic entity, that is, to a selection, to a full sib family or to a seedlot if an other name is used when a trial is imported, that other name is also called name in trial a name in trial needs to be unique within a trial, but does not need to be unique between trials genotype code genetic identity of individual trees in trials a unique name or label for each genotype within a database genotype codes can be used to represent the pedigree in analyses of extracted data (for example, using the trial & pedigree extract ) and to track unique genotypes represented in trials that have not yet been given a name for genotypes that have been given a name (selection), the genotype code is the name of the selection the selection name is used as the genotype code for the ortet of the selection, and any trees within trials where a selection is tested as a replicated clone (c) it is possible to have genotypes which are not on the selection register but are unique genotypes planted in trials these are trees in trials that are tested as f, h or s, that is, respectively, full sib family progeny, half sib or open pollinated progeny, or mixed genotypes the genotype code in all these cases is constructed as t nnnnnnn, where nnnnnnn is an internal unique tree identifier assigned by the database the genotype code for a selection or ortet is the selection name with any embedded spaces stripped out (to allow the code to be input for other software easily) ortet an ortet is the original tree that was selected to be part of a breeding programme ortet locations within trials can be tracked